On Thursday 12 February 2004 20.30, jrobbins(a)nymu.net wrote: Depends on the wire. For standard 31250 bps MIDI cables, the minimum latency for a NoteOn message (status, pitch, velocity - three bytes) is 0.96 ms. (It is one start bit and one stop bit, right...?) It's definitely possible in theory, though there's no avoiding that latencies add up. You just have to keep "internal" latencies low enough that the total system latency is acceptable. (No more than 10 ms for a real time synth, I'd say. That is assuming the latency is *constant*!) MIDI wire latencies are OK for normal use, but I'm afraid it can build up too much if you "chain" machines together this way. What's worse is that most of the latency will be caused by the application and/or OS, unless you use a hard RTOS, like RTL or RTAI. Why not use ethernet hardware for everything? Good NICs with proper drivers have worst case latencies in the microsecond range on a dedicated network, and you'll need an RTOS anyway, so you kind of get a fast low latency network for free... MIDI interfaces can't possibly do any better anyway, unless the NICs are crippled by the drivers somehow. (A protocol stack that isn't designed for RT networking could cause trouble, obviously.) One way to use NICs would be to drop the protocol stack and just use the NICs as high speed serial interfaces. You could use cross-over cables and point-point connections only, to completely avoid the risk of collisions and the related "random" latencies that may cause. (Though that's really protocol dependent, and not a general requirement. RT network streaming protocols tend to use token passing or similar techniques to guarantee bandwidth and latencies. It's virtually to impossible to do it reliably any other way, AFAIK.) Yes... Or rather, the number of node->node hops is restricted by the connection latency, internal latency of nodes and the required total system latency. Use RTL or RTAI, fast NICs, cross-over point-point connections and process say, 0.1 ms' worth of audio/MIDI data at a time, and you can send data around quite a bit before you even reach the "magical" 3 ms. Unfortunately, processing that small chunks of data isn't terribly efficient, so at some point you'll undo the advantage of having more CPU power available. Only if the OS and/or the protocol stack is not real time capable, or if some non-RT machines are on the same network. (With standard hardware, there's no way you can force a babbling Windoze box or something to get off the network when you want to chat with your RT peers, so you just have to make sure everything on your RT network agrees with, and is physically capable of obeying the rules of that network. RTOS and RT network protocol support is a minimum requirement for every node.) //David Olofson - Programmer, Composer, Open Source Advocate .- Audiality -----------------------------------------------. | Free/Open Source audio engine for games and multimedia. | | MIDI, modular synthesis, real time effects, scripting,... | `-----------------------------------> http://audiality.org -' --- http://olofson.net --- http://www.reologica.se ---