The problem is now solved.
It turns out that plughw:1,0 directs output to the first two channels of the
card. However, the "IEC958 output also on ADAT1" amixer option was switched on
by default, directing output to the IEC958 (s/pdif) channels to ADAT1, instead
of the output of ADAT channels 1 and 2. From comments in the source code it
appears that channels 17 and 18 are devoted to s/pdif. When this option is on,
I assume that output channels 1 and 2 go nowhere, though this hasn't been
confirmed.
The solution was to turn off "IEC958 output also on ADAT1"; thereafter, aplay
-D plughw:1,0 file.wav worked, that is, produced output on ADAT1 (channels 1
and 2) as desired.