Hello Rusty! In principle you don't need ALSA or JACK to perform off-line processing. But it always depends on the particular application in question. Ecasound and sox can do that. Nama could as well, but it would probably need an option to simluate either audio device, because there's always the master output connected to a live system. Warm regards Julien ---------------------------------------- Music, creative writing, technical information: http://juliencoder.de/