BODY { font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12px; Also consider to what happens when the stereo signals are summed to mono. If your panner is set slightly off-center, L and R will have nearly the same gain (since they need to be identical for a center source) and a delay between them of a fraction of a millisecond or so. Summing L and R will result in quite strong comb filter effects. Thanks for starting some thoughts on the time alignment aspects. Yes, I did make that provision for a mono source, so that the same signal level is added to L and R whether panned or not, but just time shifted in one channel if panned. And full left or full right is a separate 'function' and only has signal in one side. I will add the traditional pan. Is mono compatibility really worth worrying about these days? Because I do not just record signals directly from the A/D converters, but also signals that have already had some processing and probably will have some more later. All serious audio processing in Linux (and in almost all environments where audio is processed digitally) is done in floating point format, for good reasons. Why should I convert each time I read or write a file ? That would only add errors. Okay, makes sense. You could probably eliminate a lot of code by using something like libsndfile. And you would at least be able to read floating point files. I can see also adding options for things like LADSPA or LV2. But, I'd also like the code to run if these things are not present in the system. If all filtering, effects, etc. is done in FP format, it's plain silly to convert to integer just to add some values. And adding also happens even when you don't see it explicitly. Any linear filter is defined by its impulse response. Depending on the type of filter that could be hundreds or even thousands of samples long. So every output sample is a weighted sum of hundreds or thousands of input samples even if not computed explicitly that way. Are you really claiming that doing that in FP is OK while adding a few signals on a mix bus isn't ? There are a couple of outstanding (commercial) fixed point filters out there, by the way. To answer your question, no I basically agree with you. But realize the initial challenge of this project was to make an absolutely pure signal path. And that path is still there if you choose to not use effects. When you do use effects it's 64 bit float because I am wary of 32 bit float. Quote from the Quick Start Guide: There are 3 text files that control Mixer4 and they must be kept in the same directory, at least for now, as the Mixer4 executable. Okay, I thought that's where the confusion was. 'For now' is referring to walking the user through the set up process, not the state of the code. I did not want to get into different directories for the newbie user. I wanted to make initial setup as straight forward as possible. Grekim On Fri 23/11/12 4:34 AM , Fons Adriaensen fons(a)linuxaudio.org sent: On Thu, Nov 22, 2012 at 10:26:10PM -0500, Grekim wrote: There's no one-line answer to that. To understand why it's wrong you have to work out how the signals from the two speakers combine at the ears and compare the result to what happens for a real sound source. For low frequencies the analysis is very simple, you can do it in two minutes just using pencil and paper. Just do it and you'll see. For mid an high frequencies it gets considerably more complex and a lot of psycho-acoustics is involved. The results go against simple intuition, which is why many people have some difficulty accepting them. Also consider to what happens when the stereo signals are summed to mono. If your panner is set slightly off-center, L and R will have nearly the same gain (since they need to be identical for a center source) and a delay between them of a fraction of a millisecond or so. Summing L and R will result in quite strong comb filter effects. are not? Because I do not just record signals directly from the A/D converters, but also signals that have already had some processing and probably will have some more later. All serious audio processing in Linux (and in almost all environments where audio is processed digitally) is done in floating point format, for good reasons. Why should I convert each time I read or write a file ? That would only add errors. A/D and D/A converters are probably the only components in the chain that 'naturally' use an integer format. But even that isn't really true any more. Most high quality converters are not just the bare converter and an analog filter. They have some digital processing going on between the SW interface and the actual converters, e.g. most of the anti-alias filtering will be done digitally in an oversampling converter. And that processing could very well be done in FP format these days. Some high end sound cards (e.g. RME) have native floating point interfaces. There is nothing magic about the 2^16 or 2^24 analog levels that correspond exactly to integer sample values. Change your gain by 0.1 dB and they will be an entirely different set, as good or as bad as any. libsend You could probably eliminate a lot of code by using something like libsndfile. And you would at least be able to read floating point files. If all filtering, effects, etc. is done in FP format, it's plain silly to convert to integer just to add some values. And adding also happens even when you don't see it explicitly. Any linear filter is defined by its impulse response. Depending on the type of filter that could be hundreds or even thousands of samples long. So every output sample is a weighted sum of hundreds or thousands of input samples even if not computed explicitly that way. Are you really claiming that doing that in FP is OK while adding a few signals on a mix bus isn't ? Regarding the latter, it may also help to analyse the situation a bit more rigorously before jumping to easy conclusions. It involves a bit of maths, but nothing esoterical. Quote from the Quick Start Guide: There are 3 text files that control Mixer4 and they must be kept in the same directory, at least for now, as the Mixer4 executable. Ciao, -- FA A world of exhaustive, reliable metadata would be an utopia. It's also a pipe-dream, founded on self-delusion, nerd hubris and hysterically inflated market opportunities. (Cory Doctorow)