Out of all the interfaces mentioned recently as working well under linux,
all I have looked up seem to still use potentiometers to set gain. That
is fine for recording mono instruments or vocals, but for stereo or
surround acoustic recording I would really like an interface which allows
for very close gain matching between channels, or at the very least very
repeatable gain settings so that I can correct in post production if
needed.
Are there any interfaces which are commonly available and have either
accurate electronic gain setting, or stepped/switched resistors for gain
setting?
The new MOTU devices which are class compliant seem to, starting at around
US$ 1200-1500.
Is that just the price range I have to move to before that feature is
included? I thought Cymatic Audio was going to have a 4 mic amp/2 line
out device for around US$ 500, but it was cancelled before release. That
is closer to the style of device I am looking for.
The MOTU devices without network audio (USB only) seem to have the feature
set and lower price, but has anyone checked whether they can be used
without a proprietary control application? The nice feature of the AVB
interfaces for linux use is that they can be controlled from a web
browser, so no proprietary application needed to set gain and routing from
a linux machine.
The webpage for one of the USB interfaces mentions a template for TouchOSC
which can run on an iPad, but I don't know how iPad software sends OSC
commands. If there is a standard for sending OSC control messages to USB
audio interfaces perhaps it could be adapted to linux. Any of the OSC
users familiar with whether that would be some kind of proprietary
interface, or whether it should be possible to interface one of the linux
OSC applications to the MOTU interface?
--
Chris Caudle
Hello,
Everytime I start vlc to play an audio file there's a short glitch over
perhaps 500ms then afterwards everything's fine. This happens every
single time vlc is launched to play an audio file.
Technically speaking, what would be the reason for such a recurrent
glitch ?
Cheers.
Hi,
I have to apologise, this mail is going to be long, so I'll try to
structure it a bit.
Overview
I have been live streaming on twitch for the past year, mostly games
and purely as a hobby. The possibilities of PA and OBS for routing and
audio processing are rather limited, I'd like to try and improve my
setup by adding JACK to the mix.
Current Setup
2-3 Audio interfaces. My main one is the UA-25 usb interface. There is
another in the GPU connected via HDMI to the monitor and a usually
deactivated one on the motherboard.
I am mostly streaming gameplay, most if not all games rely on ALSA or
PulseAudio, so I have PulseAudio running. In OBS I simply capture the
UA-25 "desktop output".
I also have it capture the UA-25 inputs, of which only one is connected
to the microphone. There is an option within OBS to have that signal on
both channels.
I use the compressor plugin built into OBS with pretty much "default"
voice/voiceover settings.
Afterwards "desktop" and voice get mixed to a stereo signal and
streamed.
I monitor the "desktop" signal as it is immediate and doesn't contain
my voice. To check whether the mix is fine I need to check either the
outgoing or the incoming signal (which is delayed by a few seconds).
Currently I route the incoming signal via PA to the GPU audio
interface. To actually hear it I need to physically switch the
headphones for the in-ears connected to the monitor.
I do not use a cam and intend to keep it that way.
Current Problems
A) Monitoring is cumbersome because I need to switch between the proper
headphones and the in-ears. While the in-ears aren't bad by themselves,
the sound through GPU -> HDMI -> Monitor is pretty bad. It is barely
enough to judge whether or not the levels are totally off.
I'd much prefer to be able to monitor using my proper headphones at the
push of a button.
B) OBS comes with rather few audio plugins by default
(https://github.com/obsproject/obs-studio/wiki/Filters-Guide) and I'm
not convinced they are more than serviceable. The compressor is hard to
set up, I wish it had at least some visual indication for the threshold.
Possible solution
While there are a few effects rack for Pulse Audio, like
https://github.com/wwmm/pulseeffects, and Pulse Audio can do routing I
don't understand PA's routing and rather use JACK. Since I haven't
followed Linux Audio land quite as closely the last few years I have a
few questions.
1) Can someone tell me whether the OBS jack plugin is good enough or
does something stupid? The code can be found here:
https://github.com/obsproject/obs-studio/tree/master/plugins/linux-jack
2) Is there a reliable and if possible hassle free way to get ALSA and
PA into JACK? ALSA loopback would probably not work for programs using
PA directly.
3) I think switching around monitoring should be doable with a simple
script calling jack_connect, provided the ports are predictably named.
Even I should be able to do that. Is there another solution?
4) Even though it's a small setup I'd need some sort of session
management to bring up at least the jack side of things.
5) Finally what do you recommend as plugin host and compressor plugin
for voice?
Thank you in advance for your help. I can at least document the setup
somewhere, for the next one who tries to do something like that. I
could do that on my blog (that no one ever reads) or if you know some
good wiki or something I can put it there.
Best Regards,
Philipp
Hey hey,
I'm looking for a reverb plugin (algorithmic rather than convolution) that is
particularly suited to long tails (5+ seconds). Think of your average trance
reverb that will drown pads in lush reverberation.
I usually like G2verb, but with long reverb times it can easily sound grainy,
like you can hear the delays.
Any suggestions are welcome.
Best wishes and thanks,
Jeanette
--------
* Website: http://juliencoder.de - for summer is a state of sound
* SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/jeanette_c
* Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMS4rfGrTwz8W7jhC1Jnv7g
* GitHub: https://github.com/jeanette-c
* Twitter: https://twitter.com/jeanette_c_s
I'm not that innocent... <3
(Britney Spears)
Greetings,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1H-i4j4QAs
An ambience, not a drone. Musique ameublement with harmonic variety,
from a performance of a self-generating patch made in VCV Rack with a
variety of its modules. Recorded with ecasound and edited with mhwaveedit.
Enjoy, and comments are welcome.
Best,
dp
Hi,
by View > Options... > MIDI tab I can chose between 'default',
'system timer' (for my current installed rt kernels 300Hz), 'HR timer'
and diverse 'PCM' timers. My old computer doesn't have 'TSC', so
Qtractor's queue timer still is set to use 'HR timer', to reduce MIDI
jitter. If I want to chose 'TSC', when running Qtractor on my new
machine, should there be an entry 'TSC' or since it's the current
clocksource, would selecting 'default' be the option to use 'TSC'? IOW
what is 'default' for and why is there no option to select 'TSC'?
[rocketmouse@archlinux ~]$ cat /sys/devices/system/clocksource/*/available_clocksource
tsc hpet acpi_pm
[rocketmouse@archlinux ~]$ cat /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource
tsc
[rocketmouse@archlinux ~]$ qtractor -v
qt5ct: using qt5ct plugin
Qt: 5.11.1
Qtractor: 0.9.1
Regards,
Ralf
PS: I'm sending this to LAU instead of the Qtractor mailimng list, since
I susepct this could be from interest for several users, who are not
necessarily subscribed to the Qtractor mailing list and Rui usually
replies to requests related to his software here, too.
Hi list,
I just re-installed my system partition with an kubuntu+kxstudio
repositories and I get some xruns in Jack2. I am trying to figure out
how to optimize my system configuration.
realtimeconfigquickscan gives me this:
== GUI-enabled checks ==
Checking if you are root... no - good
Checking filesystem 'noatime' parameter... 4.17.7 kernel - good
(relatime is default since 2.6.30)
Checking CPU Governors... CPU 0: 'performance' CPU 1: 'performance' CPU
2: 'performance' CPU 3: 'performance' CPU 4: 'performance' CPU 5:
'performance' CPU 6: 'performance' CPU 7: 'performance' - good
Checking swappiness... 10 - good
Checking for resource-intensive background processes... none found - good
Checking checking sysctl inotify max_user_watches... >= 524288 - good
Checking access to the high precision event timer... readable - good
Checking access to the real-time clock... readable - good
Checking whether you're in the 'audio' group... yes - good
Checking for multiple 'audio' groups... no - good
Checking the ability to prioritize processes with chrt... yes - good
Checking kernel support for high resolution timers... found - good
Kernel with Real-Time Preemption... not found - not good
Kernel without real-time capabilities found
For more information, see
http://wiki.linuxaudio.org/wiki/system_configuration#installing_a_real-time…
Checking if kernel system timer is high-resolution... found - good
Checking kernel support for tickless timer... found - good
== Other checks ==
Checking filesystem types... ok.
not found.
** Warning: no tmpfs partition mounted on /tmp
For more information, see:
- http://wiki.linuxaudio.org/wiki/system_configuration#tmpfs
- http://lowlatency.linuxaudio.org
** Set $SOUND_CARD_IRQ to the IRQ of your soundcard to enable more checks.
Find your sound card's IRQ by looking at '/proc/interrupts' and lspci.
------------------
ok, so I'm looking at lspci:
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core
Processor DRAM Controller (rev 06)
Subsystem: Lenovo Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor DRAM
Controller
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0
Capabilities: [e0] Vendor Specific Information: Len=0c <?>
Kernel modules: ie31200_edac
00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core
Processor PCI Express x16 Controller (rev 06) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16
Bus: primary=00, secondary=01, subordinate=01, sec-latency=0
I/O behind bridge: 00005000-00005fff
Memory behind bridge: f0000000-f0ffffff
Prefetchable memory behind bridge:
00000000c0000000-00000000d1ffffff
Capabilities: [88] Subsystem: Lenovo Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen
Core Processor PCI Express x16 Controller
Capabilities: [80] Power Management version 3
Capabilities: [90] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
Capabilities: [a0] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00
Capabilities: [100] Virtual Channel
Capabilities: [140] Root Complex Link
Capabilities: [d94] #19
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
Kernel modules: shpchp
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 4th Gen Core
Processor Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 06) (prog-if 00 [VGA
controller])
Subsystem: Lenovo 4th Gen Core Processor Integrated Graphics
Controller
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 28
Memory at f1000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M]
Memory at e0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]
I/O ports at 6000 [size=64]
[virtual] Expansion ROM at 000c0000 [disabled] [size=128K]
Capabilities: [90] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
Capabilities: [d0] Power Management version 2
Capabilities: [a4] PCI Advanced Features
Kernel driver in use: i915
Kernel modules: i915
00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core
Processor HD Audio Controller (rev 06)
Subsystem: Lenovo Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor HD
Audio Controller
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 32
Memory at f2610000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2
Capabilities: [60] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
Capabilities: [70] Express Root Complex Integrated Endpoint, MSI 00
Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel
00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset
Family USB xHCI (rev 04) (prog-if 30 [XHCI])
Subsystem: Lenovo 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB xHCI
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 24
Memory at f2600000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=64K]
Capabilities: [70] Power Management version 2
Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/8 Maskable- 64bit+
Kernel driver in use: xhci_hcd
00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series
Chipset Family MEI Controller #1 (rev 04)
Subsystem: Lenovo 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family MEI
Controller
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 29
Memory at f2619000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16]
Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 3
Capabilities: [8c] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
Kernel driver in use: mei_me
Kernel modules: mei_me
00:1a.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset
Family USB EHCI #2 (rev 04) (prog-if 20 [EHCI])
Subsystem: Lenovo 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB EHCI
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16
Memory at f261e000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1K]
Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2
Capabilities: [58] Debug port: BAR=1 offset=00a0
Capabilities: [98] PCI Advanced Features
Kernel driver in use: ehci-pci
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset
High Definition Audio Controller (rev 04)
Subsystem: Lenovo 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset High Definition
Audio Controller
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 33
Memory at f2614000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2
Capabilities: [60] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
Capabilities: [70] Express Root Complex Integrated Endpoint, MSI 00
Capabilities: [100] Virtual Channel
Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset
Family PCI Express Root Port #1 (rev d4) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16
Bus: primary=00, secondary=02, subordinate=02, sec-latency=0
I/O behind bridge: 00002000-00002fff
Memory behind bridge: bfa00000-bfbfffff
Prefetchable memory behind bridge:
00000000bfc00000-00000000bfdfffff
Capabilities: [40] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00
Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
Capabilities: [90] Subsystem: Lenovo 8 Series/C220 Series
Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port
Capabilities: [a0] Power Management version 3
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
Kernel modules: shpchp
00:1c.2 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset
Family PCI Express Root Port #3 (rev d4) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 18
Bus: primary=00, secondary=03, subordinate=03, sec-latency=0
I/O behind bridge: 00004000-00004fff
Memory behind bridge: f1e00000-f25fffff
Prefetchable memory behind bridge:
00000000f1400000-00000000f1bfffff
Capabilities: [40] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00
Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
Capabilities: [90] Subsystem: Lenovo 8 Series/C220 Series
Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port
Capabilities: [a0] Power Management version 3
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
Kernel modules: shpchp
00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset
Family PCI Express Root Port #4 (rev d4) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 19
Bus: primary=00, secondary=04, subordinate=04, sec-latency=0
I/O behind bridge: 00003000-00003fff
Memory behind bridge: f1d00000-f1dfffff
Capabilities: [40] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00
Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
Capabilities: [90] Subsystem: Lenovo 8 Series/C220 Series
Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port
Capabilities: [a0] Power Management version 3
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
Kernel modules: shpchp
00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset
Family PCI Express Root Port #5 (rev d4) (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16
Bus: primary=00, secondary=05, subordinate=05, sec-latency=0
Memory behind bridge: f1c00000-f1cfffff
Capabilities: [40] Express Root Port (Slot+), MSI 00
Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
Capabilities: [90] Subsystem: Lenovo 8 Series/C220 Series
Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port
Capabilities: [a0] Power Management version 3
Kernel driver in use: pcieport
Kernel modules: shpchp
00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset
Family USB EHCI #1 (rev 04) (prog-if 20 [EHCI])
Subsystem: Lenovo 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB EHCI
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 23
Memory at f261d000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1K]
Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2
Capabilities: [58] Debug port: BAR=1 offset=00a0
Capabilities: [98] PCI Advanced Features
Kernel driver in use: ehci-pci
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation HM87 Express LPC Controller (rev 04)
Subsystem: Lenovo HM87 Express LPC Controller
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency 0
Capabilities: [e0] Vendor Specific Information: Len=0c <?>
Kernel driver in use: lpc_ich
Kernel modules: lpc_ich
00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset
Family 6-port SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode] (rev 04) (prog-if 01 [AHCI 1.0])
Subsystem: Lenovo 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family 6-port
SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode]
Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 0, IRQ 26
I/O ports at 6088 [size=8]
I/O ports at 6094 [size=4]
I/O ports at 6080 [size=8]
I/O ports at 6090 [size=4]
I/O ports at 6060 [size=32]
Memory at f261c000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=2K]
Capabilities: [80] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
Capabilities: [70] Power Management version 3
Capabilities: [a8] SATA HBA v1.0
Kernel driver in use: ahci
Kernel modules: ahci
00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family
SMBus Controller (rev 04)
Subsystem: Lenovo 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family SMBus
Controller
Flags: medium devsel, IRQ 255
Memory at f2618000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=256]
I/O ports at efa0 [size=32]
Kernel modules: i2c_i801
01:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GK208M [GeForce GT 740M] (rev a1)
Subsystem: Lenovo GK208M [GeForce GT 740M]
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16
Memory at f0000000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16M]
Memory at c0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]
Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=32M]
I/O ports at 5000 [size=128]
Capabilities: [60] Power Management version 3
Capabilities: [68] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
Capabilities: [78] Express Endpoint, MSI 00
Capabilities: [100] Virtual Channel
Capabilities: [128] Power Budgeting <?>
Capabilities: [600] Vendor Specific Information: ID=0001 Rev=1
Len=024 <?>
Capabilities: [900] #19
Kernel driver in use: nvidia
Kernel modules: nvidiafb, nouveau, nvidia_drm, nvidia
03:00.0 Unassigned class [ff00]: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTS5227
PCI Express Card Reader (rev 01)
Subsystem: Lenovo RTS5227 PCI Express Card Reader
Physical Slot: 1
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 25
Memory at f1e00000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3
Capabilities: [50] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
Capabilities: [70] Express Endpoint, MSI 00
Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting
Capabilities: [140] Device Serial Number 00-00-00-01-00-4c-e0-00
Capabilities: [150] Latency Tolerance Reporting
Capabilities: [158] L1 PM Substates
Kernel driver in use: rtsx_pci
Kernel modules: rtsx_pci
04:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 10)
Subsystem: Lenovo RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit
Ethernet Controller
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 19
I/O ports at 3000 [size=256]
Memory at f1d04000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
Memory at f1d00000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3
Capabilities: [50] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
Capabilities: [70] Express Endpoint, MSI 01
Capabilities: [b0] MSI-X: Enable+ Count=4 Masked-
Capabilities: [d0] Vital Product Data
Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting
Capabilities: [140] Virtual Channel
Capabilities: [160] Device Serial Number 01-00-00-00-68-4c-e0-00
Capabilities: [170] Latency Tolerance Reporting
Capabilities: [178] L1 PM Substates
Kernel driver in use: r8169
Kernel modules: r8169
05:00.0 Network controller: Intel Corporation Wireless 7260 (rev 73)
Subsystem: Intel Corporation Wireless-N 7260
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 31
Memory at f1c00000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K]
Capabilities: [c8] Power Management version 3
Capabilities: [d0] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
Capabilities: [40] Express Endpoint, MSI 00
Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting
Capabilities: [140] Device Serial Number 0c-8b-fd-ff-ff-66-0e-a9
Capabilities: [14c] Latency Tolerance Reporting
Capabilities: [154] Vendor Specific Information: ID=cafe Rev=1
Len=014 <?>
Kernel driver in use: iwlwifi
Kernel modules: iwlwifi
--------------
My guess is that IRQ 32 and 33 are the internal sound card, maybe one of
them is the one that is serving the HDMI and the other one the headphone
jack.
Furthermore it looks like IRQ 16, 23 and 24 are USB controllers and on
one of them might be the external soundcard since it is connected via USB..
Which number do I need to assign to the SOUND_CARD_IRQ variable? I
assume it's an environment variable to be set like
"SOUND_CARD_IRQ=23"
in the terminal for realtimeconfigquickscan. However, even after setting
the variable realtimeconfigquickscan still gives me the info that I
should set the variable.
Is this IRQ business still something I need to worry about? (since most
info about it on the interwebs is from 2000 and prior).
Please advise
Thank you.
m.
On Mon, 30 Jul 2018 10:13:22 +0200, David Kastrup wrote:
>Here is how to change a subject line.
Just changing the 'subject' isn't enough, several subscribers much
likely sort by 'thread' ('In-Reply-To' and 'References' headers). For
most, if not all MUAs this means you need to compose a new mail. All
mails invoked by a 'reply' option contain this headers, the only way to
get rid of those headers is to compose a new mail, something that is
done, when e.g. using the 'forward' option. However, to continue proper
quoting it's also need to copy and paste from a 'reply' mail. Some MUAs
could be customized by the user, even GUI MUAs. Claws provides
'Actions', so it is possible to simply open a 'reply' mail with an
editor and to remove the unwanted headers, or to do this by a shell
script. I'm still using the copy and paste approach.
--
pacman -Q linux{,-rt{,-securityink,-cornflower,-pussytoes}}|cut -d\ -f2
4.17.11-1
4.16.18_rt11-1
4.16.18_rt10-1
4.16.18_rt9-1
4.14.34_rt27-1
